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THE INQUIRY

Where curiosity meets evidence

Independent scientific investigations · ORAEVA

ANOTHER DIMENSION OF ORAEVA

Beyond imagination. Into investigation

ORAEVA is more than a narrative universe. Alongside its literary, philosophical and cinematic dimensions, it also pursues independent scientific questions about cosmology, time and the evolution of the Universe.

The first line of inquiry begins from a source of inspiration: Roger Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC). From there, intuitions are translated into mathematical models, numerical experiments and questions that can be confronted with observations.

This is research in progress, not an announcement of a scientific discovery. Methods, progress and unresolved problems are shared openly — including results that may contradict the starting idea.

From curiosity to investigation

What does it mean to measure time in an expanding Universe?

We turn this question into mathematical models and hypotheses that can be tested against observations.

Cosmic expansion · Conceptual visualization
Cosmic expansion · Conceptual visualization

ORAEVA · THE FIRST INVESTIGATION

The hypothesis, in one image

ORAEVA cosmological working hypothesis inspired by Penrose’s Conformal Cyclic Cosmology: two aeons and a conformal transition
Conceptual diagram of the ORAEVA working hypothesis, inspired by Roger Penrose’s CCC. Not a validated physical model. · Click to enlarge

From ideas to equations

Temporal parametrizations and scalar–tensor models help us examine whether the hypothesis produces measurable predictions.

Our next step is to test those predictions against gravity and cosmological observations.

Selected equations · Work in progress
Selected equations · Work in progress

WEBB · OBSERVATIONS AND HYPOTHESES

Did the first galaxies have more time to form?

James Webb Space Telescope observations raise new questions about the early Universe. They may offer a testing ground for the ORAEVA hypothesis, but they do not currently confirm it.

01 / WEBB

Looking into the past

Webb collects infrared light emitted by distant stars and galaxies. NIRCam records images; NIRSpec spectroscopy enables redshift measurements by identifying spectral features. We see these galaxies as they were when their light was emitted, rather than as they are today.

In homogeneous and isotropic cosmology, cosmological redshift connects wavelengths to the scale factor: 1 + z = λobs / λem = a0 / aem Translating this measurement into a cosmic age requires an expansion history H(z): age is not read directly from an image. [3]

Thus, “280 million years after the Big Bang” already interprets an observation within a cosmological model. Changing that model requires a consistent recalculation of times, distances and inferred physical properties.

James Webb Space Telescope · NASA artist’s concept, not an in-flight photograph
James Webb Space Telescope · NASA artist’s concept, not an in-flight photographNASA-GSFC, Adriana Gutierrez (CI Lab)Image source ↗

02 / WEBB

Unexpected galaxies

Webb has identified populations of very luminous galaxies at high redshift that are more abundant than several pre-launch models predicted. MoM-z14 has a spectroscopic redshift z = 14.44 ± 0.02, corresponding to approximately 280 million years after the Big Bang in the cosmology adopted by the authors. [1, 4]

Its spectrum suggests intense star formation and unusual nitrogen enrichment. This does not establish that the galaxy is “already old”: the study indicates a young stellar population. Luminosity, mass, age and chemical composition are different quantities, inferred with uncertainties and assumptions about stellar processes. [1]

Competing explanations include more efficient or episodic star formation, different stellar populations, dust and active galactic nuclei. For some samples, separating light associated with black holes has reduced inferred stellar masses and tension with the standard model. Webb’s surprises therefore do not, by themselves, refute ΛCDM cosmology. [2]

Webb’s First Deep Field · SMACS 0723 · NIRCam image with colours assigned to infrared bands. The field contains objects at different distances and epochs
Webb’s First Deep Field · SMACS 0723 · NIRCam image with colours assigned to infrared bands. The field contains objects at different distances and epochsNASA, ESA, CSA, STScIImage source ↗

03 / WEBB

From intuition to a test

ORAEVA asks whether a different physical relationship between cosmic expansion and time could allow more structural evolution at a given redshift. This is a research direction: it is not yet a quantitatively tested prediction of the model, nor an established consequence of Penrose’s Conformal Cyclic Cosmology.

A “faster flow of time” has observational meaning only when the clocks and processes being compared are specified. Merely reparametrizing time leaves observables unchanged: it does not add proper time to stellar lifetimes. A physical difference in the relationship between expansion, gravitational dynamics and matter evolution is needed.

The test must confront predictions specified before comparison with data — galaxy abundances, luminosities, stellar masses and chemical indicators — with observational samples, accounting for selection, errors and alternatives. Agreement with one galaxy would not suffice; systematic disagreement could rule out a particular version of the model.

Technical perspective · Cosmic time and falsifiability

In FLRW cosmology, where t is the proper time of comoving observers and H = (1/a) da/dt, dt/dz = −1/[(1+z)H(z)]. For an expansion history with a Big Bang origin, the cosmic age at redshift z is:

t(z) = ∫z∞ dz′ / [(1 + z′) H(z′)]This geometrical relation [3] does not by itself provide a new theory. A change of variable dτ = f(t)dt, applied consistently to all equations, does not change physical predictions.

In a possible scalar–tensor model, the metric to which matter couples and the time measured by physical clocks must be specified; expansion, perturbation growth and stellar evolution must then be calculated together. Increasing the available age alone while automatically retaining distances, luminosities and masses inferred under ΛCDM would be inconsistent.

The same solution must also satisfy independent constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, cosmological distances, structure growth and gravitational tests, including any variation in effective gravity. The Webb connection remains a proposed future test, not a result already obtained.

MoM-z14 in the COSMOS field · NIRCam observation with identification inset. An object to investigate, not confirmation of the ORAEVA hypothesis
MoM-z14 in the COSMOS field · NIRCam observation with identification inset. An object to investigate, not confirmation of the ORAEVA hypothesisNASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Rohan Naidu (MIT); Joseph DePasquale (STScI)Image source ↗

RESEARCH PROGRESS

Where we stand

WHAT WE HAVE ACHIEVED

Starting from an intuition about cosmic expansion and the rate of time, we developed an initial mathematical formulation, explored a scalar–tensor gravitational model and numerically checked the consistency of its implemented equations. We also identified the distinction between physical effects and changes of time coordinates.

WHAT REMAINS TO BE DEMONSTRATED

Test the model against astronomical and gravitational observations, identify any measurable new predictions and investigate a possible connection with Roger Penrose’s Conformal Cyclic Cosmology.

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH · PHYSICAL VALIDITY NOT YET ESTABLISHED

OPEN RESEARCH

Follow the investigation

Read the introductory note, inspect the reproducible Python code and examine the numerical output. These materials document work in progress and are provided for critical review.

LATEST UPDATE TO RESEARCH MATERIALS

Research status: preliminary. Not peer-reviewed. Numerical consistency is not observational validation.

CURIOSITY IS ONLY THE BEGINNING

The value of an idea is not that it survives every test. It is that it is worth testing.

ORAEVA · CREATED BY FEDERICO BADIALI